Austria issued serbia a ten-part ultimatum in response to
a. serbia s alliance with russia.
b. serbia s violation of italy s neutrality.
c. the role of serbian and slavic nationalists in the assassination of the austrian archduke.
d. serbia s declaration of war on austria.

the answer to your question is:

strong-mayor system

islamic religious leaders have traditionally been people who, as part of the clerisy, mosque, or government, performed a prominent role within their community or nation. however, in the modern contexts of muslims minorities in non-muslim countries as well as secularised muslim states like turkey, indonesia and bangladesh, religious leadership may take a variety of non-formal shapes.

compared to religious leaders/clerics of the other abrahamic faiths, islamic clergy are said to resemble rabbis and not priests. unlike catholic priests they do not "serve as intermediaries between mankind and god",[1] have "process of ordination",[2] or "sacramental functions",[1] but instead serve as "exemplars, teachers, judges, and community leaders," providing religious rules to the pious on "even the most minor and private" matters.[1]