Presidents frequently issue rules and regulations that carry the force of law, ranging from orders to the armed forces to designation of public lands. such actions, once thought to be unconstitutional, are called

Executive Orders

These are legally binding decrees issued by the president who is also the head of the executive to various federal agencies. They are aimed at directing the agencies on how to carry out their functions in accordance to the policies and laws established by Congress.  

i beleive its 1)aids

the following best describes postwar era writers in their works:

many writers,authors,novelists,poets concentrated more on social art and social writing and stayed away from political writings.