President andrew jackson fundamentally changed the nature of the federal bureaucracy by implementing what was called:

President Andrew Jackson fundamentally changed the nature of the federal bureaucracy by implementing the spoils system. President Jackson entrenched the patronage or spoils system by hiring and promoting supporters. He used government positions as a way to reward supporters resulting in the bureaucracy being filled by supporters

the french gave their support to another tribe during he war.

this means that germany had to pay the allied countries. reparations are/is essentially payment for something that they have done wrong, so after ww1, germany was forced to pay reparations so they could replenish the allied countries resources' that they had lost during the war.