The president's influence in foreign-policy making is strongest when a. there is divided government. b. congressional leaders are foreign policy experts. c. an action requires a formal declaration of war. d. time is of the essence due to a crisis.

D. time is of the essence due to a crisis.

Every American president, when faced with a crisis, longs to take bold and decisive action. When American lives or vital interests are at stake, the public - and especially the news media and political opponents - expect aggressive leadership.

(choices A, B and C would also have a negative effects in decision making)