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What is an important step to prove something is valid or not? determining the reliability observing research testing

How do nicotine and tobacco cause cancer? by decreasing blood-sugar levels by damaging or changing a cell's dna by increasing heart rate by increasing phlegm and mucous production

A74-year-old woman, who has been followed for the past 25 years for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comes to the ed complaining of 48 hours of temperature to 38.6 c and worsening shortness of breath. she has a chronic productive cough, which has become more copious. on physical examination, she has rhonchi and increased fremitus in the posterior mid-lung field. a gram's stain reveals many epithelial cells and multiple gram-positive and gram-negative organisms; no neutrophils are seen. which of the following is the most likely organism causing the symptoms? - escherichia coli- haemophilus influenzae- klebsiella pneumoniae- mycobacterium tuberculosis- mycoplasma pneumoniae