Which sociological perspective emphasizes how schools in the U. S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments?

This is conflict perspective proposed by karl Marx.

Explanation:

The basic ideal is that a typical society is not a static one; but rather a dynamic entity which undergoes a constant change cause  by class conflict.

This conflict theory X-rays social life as a system of competition, where members of the society must compete for limited available resources to be relevant in the society.  Therefore the driving mechanisms for change in any society is conflict (as keen competition)  for the limited resources,and this  brings  revolutionary  social change in the society.

Thus in this present scenario, US schools,as a results  of keen competition for the limited resources and the provision of rewards to emerged school  and punishments to the victims of conflict  brings  a revolutionary change that  constantly drives  the academic social life of the school society.

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the answer is nerve impulses.

good