Since smoking-related illnesses are a serious health problem in normark, and since addiction to nicotine prevents many people from quitting smoking, the normarkian government plans to reduce the maximum quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years. however, reducing the quantity of nicotine per cigarette will probably cause people addicted to nicotine to smoke more cigarettes. therefore, implementing this plan is unlikely to reduce the incidence of smoking-related illnesses. which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the argument about the consequences of implementing the normarkian government's plan.
(a) over half of the nonsmoking adults in normark have smoked cigarettes in the past.
(b) most cigarettes currently sold in normark contain somewhat less than the maximum amount of nicotine permitted by law.
(c) inexpensive, smoke-free sources of nicotine, such as nicotine gum and nicotine skin patches, have recently become available in normark.
(d) many smokers in normark already spend a large proportion of their disposable income on cigarettes.
(e) the main cause of smoking-related illnesses is not nicotine but tar in cigarette smoke.

What is a common risk associated with tobacco?

Which of these gives the best indication that a health service is based on pseudoscience?

A35-year-old woman comes to the ed complaining of chest pressure. she has had such episodes intermittently over the last 5 years, usually when sleeping, but over the last year she has had more frequent severe symptoms that are occasionally associated with severe migraine headaches. the pain is midsternal and is described as pressure that extends as a band around her chest. the ed physician is initially dubious that the pain is cardiac in origin, because the woman has no coronary disease risk factors. an ecg, however, shows 2mm st-segment elevation and inverted t waves in leads v1 through v5 and 1mm st-segment depression in leads ii, iii, and avf. before the cardiologist arrives in the ed, the patient's ecg has returned to normal. this repeat normal ecg is obtained after the administration of aspirin, nitroglycerin, morphine, and oxygen. which of the following is most likely for these findings? - diffuse intimal thickening with focal areas of atherosclerotic narrowing - intermittent thrombus formation and lysis in the left anterior descending artery - intermittent thrombus formation and lysis in the right coronary artery - plaque rupture and thrombus formation in the left anterior descending artery - transiently increased coronary vascular tone in the right coronary artery