What is the definition of ministate in geography?

Volcanic irruption is most likely to be violent when a) volcanoes near to the sea b) the neck of the volcano is sealed by a plug c) the lava is viscous d) the lava reaches the surface through a fissure e) the volcano is on the ocean floor

The primary agent of contact metamorphism is

Which outcome is not caused by gravitational forcea. gas and dust come together to form a planet b. planets orbit a star c. two atoms come together to form a molecule d. stars cluster to form a galaxy