What is the definition of plateau, mesa, butte, peninsula, desert, canyon, ocean, hill, valley, island, and mountain?

A plateau is an area of level high ground. A mesa is an isolated flat-topped hill with steep sides. A butte is similar to a mesa but narrower. A peninsula is a piece of land that is almost surrounded by a body of water (Alaska or Florida for example). A desert is a dry sandy region that has little rainfall, extreme temperatures and sparse vegetation. A canyon is a deep gorge or valley between hills or mountains usually with steep rocky walls and a stream or river running through it. An ocean is a very large expanse of sea. A hill is a naturally raised area of land but not a rocky as a mountain. A valley is a low area of land between mountains and usually has a river running through it. An island is a piece of land completely surrounded by water (the islands of Hawaii for example). A mountain is a natural elevation of earth's surface rising abruptly from the surrounding level. 

The investiture controversy began as a power struggle between pope gregory vii (1072–85) and henry iv, holy roman emperor (1056–1106).[2] a brief but significant struggle over investiture also occurred between henry i of england and pope paschal ii in the years 1103 to 1107, and the issue played a minor role in the struggles between church and state in france, as well.by undercutting the imperial power established by the salian emperors, the controversy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in germany, and the triumph of the great dukes and abbots. imperial power was finally re-established under the hohenstaufen dynasty. historian norman cantor: