Europeans' desire for less control from a central government and greater local political autonomy is an example of

What you describe is called devolution. This is when power is transferred to lower levels. When devolution occurs, autonomous regions occur and things like federations are created because numerous autonomous regions work together under federative rule, but still retain a great degree of independence.

It is the doctrine that the us had the right and duty to expand throughout north america. it just means they believed they had the right to expand westward and they did! they stated with the 13 colonies and then they kept moving gaining different territories throughout the years