This part of the stratosphere is known as the

the roman republic began to expand when rome fought the punic wars and defeated carthage. the punic wars refer to the series of 3 wars fought among rome and carthage, before it ended in carthage's defeat.

a mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is an underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. this uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary.a geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged.