Under the leadership of mikhail gorbachev, the doctrine of perestroika called for which of the following?
a. democratic elections
b. a central banking system under private ownership
c. more local control and free-market practices
d. openness in communication

d is correct

the proximity of water was an advantage to western europe and its culture was able to flourish as a result. trade and travel by sea were easier and safer in historical times.

1. there are no mountains to protect it from the sea

2. and its has wet cool summers and wet, mild winters.