Pioneer species move into an area after which event?

a. the formation of a climax community
b. a disturbance that forms new land without soil
c. a disturbance that clears away all plants
d. the enrichment of soil by plants
e. a disturbance in the force
i know its not e

Complete the activity titled "comparative urban environments." every city is shaped by different cultural forces. in one to two paragraphs, contrast the culture of two different cities from this activity: new york and buenos aires. what makes these cities stand apart from each other culturally? what is unique about each city’s attitude, language, habits, foods, or architecture?

Which statement about this figure is false

What empire controlled most of the middle east except for a few years between 1516 and 1917, where was the capital of this empire located and what was the geographic extent of this empire?