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the projection is a compromise between distorting shape and direction. distortions on this projection only happen at the high latitudes, and they're balanced by realistically sized shapes.
a. robinson
b. mercator
c. winkel tripel
d. goode's interrupted equal area

Magma forms by partial melting of upper mantle and crust. partial melt means that only a fraction of the available material forms a melt, and that the remainder stays solid. the partial melt rises because of its lower density and ascends through he crust. this is so conclusive mean the answer would be magma igneous rocks or balistic magma.

Why the planet stays in orbit is because of inertia (object stays in motion until a force changes it’s motion) also the atmosphere and gravity!