How is geology different from earth science?
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Earth science is a broad term describing many disparate areas of science--atmosphere, hydrosphere, magnetosphere, and the interplay between them in terms of energy flow and chemical processes. Earth scientists do everything from study ice cores to get a glimpse into previous concentrations of chemicals in our atmosphere, study the flow of brine under the Antarctic ocean, how ocean currents conduct heat around the planet, the relationship between arctic ice albedo and global warming, the role of permafrost in regulating global temperatures, and how the solar wind interacts with our magnetosphere.

Geology is just one field within earth science that specifically studies rocks, their composition, and the processes that lead to the rocks and landforms on Earth. Geology looks at all the solid stuff that the planet is made of: everything from the core to the crust to the sand and mud you walk on. Geology is so old a field that it generally stands alone academically, but it is an earth science.