Describe Europe before and after Columbus.

In a 2010 article “fact check: eastern u.s. earthquake risk” by chris mould, the author provides as evidence the following statement by the united states geological survey: “although earthquakes may be less frequent in the eastern u.s., … urban areas in the east could face bigger losses because the shaking would affect much larger areas than similar quakes in the west. in addition, most homes and buildings in the east are not designed to withstand earthquakes.”this statement directly relates to which of the following concepts? a. vulnerabilityb. hazardc. riskd. severity

Which of the following are commonly shown as a topographic map

Which of the following groups did not invade northern europe? ottomans celts vikings romans (i believe that it is either ottomans or celts)