15 degrees North, 30 degrees East

The investiture controversy began as a power struggle between pope gregory vii (1072–85) and henry iv, holy roman emperor (1056–1106).[2] a brief but significant struggle over investiture also occurred between henry i of england and pope paschal ii in the years 1103 to 1107, and the issue played a minor role in the struggles between church and state in france, as well.by undercutting the imperial power established by the salian emperors, the controversy led to nearly 50 years of civil war in germany, and the triumph of the great dukes and abbots. imperial power was finally re-established under the hohenstaufen dynasty. historian norman cantor:

Physical systems is the answer

Western europe's proximity to water has affected its climate since large bodies of water in the moderation of air temperature of the surrounding areas. the economy is also affected since it is great for the economic growth of the region. this allows easy access to trade for europe. culture is also affected by the proximity of water through the pattern of their day-to-day living.