What doctrine of earth science implies that major features on the surface of earth are created by sudden, short-lived, violent events?

Catastrophism doctrine

Explanation:

The theory states that earth was shaped by sudden shaped violent force upon being created and these forces were considered to be very short-lived. This was a contract to the law of uniformitarianism. Which shows incremental changes such as erosion that created earth geological features. This theory states that the earth past event was so dominant that it had proposed to create various geomorphic landforms such as those of volcanic in origin. Catastrophism is also linked with the formation of major mountain chains on the planet. This concept was given by french scientists Georges Cuvier.  

Modern catastrophism might have impacted the formation of the earth's natural landscape in orogenetic upliftment and dynamic changes that stipulate the objects to strike and collide in the atmosphere.