Consider the following data:

country a
crude birth rate 38 per 1,000
crude death rate 18 per 1,000
country b
crude birth rate 19 per 1,000
crude death rate 9 per 1,000
from the data, one might conclude that country b

has avoided the demographic transition.

has achieved zero population growth (zpg).

is an industrialized, urbanized society.

has a negative rate of natural increase.