The moon has almost no atmosphere. without an atmosphere, heat is not held near the planet, so temperatures vary greatly. daytime temperatures on the sunny side of the moon reach 273 degrees fahrenheit; on the dark side it gets as cold as -243 fahrenheit. the earth's surface is covered with 71 percent water. the average earth surface temperature is 57.2° fahrenheit. the sun's surface is around 10,000 degrees fahrenheit. the sun has dark spots on the surface, called sunspots. these sunspots are the cooler areas on the sun. the sun is a mass of glowing gas, a gigantic nuclear furnace, where hydrogen changes into helium at a temperature of millions of degrees. the sun's surface is composed of a) 43 percent oxygen, 20 percent silicon, 19 percent magnesium, 10 percent iron, and small amounts of calcium, aluminum, chromium, titanium, and manganese. b) 75 percent water and 25 percent carbon dioxide. c) 77 percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen with small amounts of argon, carbon dioxide and water. d) 92 percent hydrogen, 7 percent helium, and the rest is other gases.