How does including facts, claim, and counter claim with success for your written arguments?

Your claim is your argument. Without it, you're not arguing anything. Facts are what builds into your logos, or logic. It's how you support your claim. The better the facts, the stronger the claim. Using a counter claim helps because it shows you understand there is a counter argument, which shows better research into your argument. Including the counter claim can also allow you to refute the opposing side with facts that work toward your argument.

Atahualpaemperor of the inca empire who rose to the throne after winning a civil war between him and his brother.  -he refused to become a spanish vassal or christian.-francisco pizarro kidnapped him and demanded a huge ransom.  -pizarro's secretary described him as "a man of thirty years, good-looking and poised, somewhat stout, with a wide, handsome, and ferocious face, and the eyes flaming with blood."-after the ransom was paid, atahualpa was killed by pizarro