Where should commas be added in the following sentences 1.combine flour shortening pecans and cold water to make a tasty pie crust a. after the words "flour and shortening"b. after the words "flour," "shortening" and "pecans"c. no commas added

The correct option is letter "A": commas should be added after the words "flour and Shortening".

Combine flour, shortening, pecans and cold water to make a tasty pie crust.

We use commas to separate and enumerate elements in a serie of three or more items. However, it is unnecessary to use a comma before "and".

Option "B" may be justified by those people who prefer using a comma before the last item in a list. This is known as the Oxford Comma or Serial Comma in a written style. But, this is more frequent in American English rather than in British English.

in this passage from chapter 6 of "animal farm", by george orwell, what the author is ridiculing in this passage is the frivolity of some rules.

clover, the mare, believes she remembers that the fourth commandment forbade sleeping in beds because it was something that humans did. snowball, napoleon, and the pigs are brain-workers who look after the welfare of the farm. they are the obvious leaders because they are smart, and so they are entitled to eat the best food and sleep in beds. it is squealer, who says these lines making the difference between sleeping with sheets, what humans do, and sleeping in beds, what pigs do. the unwillingness to question authority makes the oppressed to obey without thinking.