Which word means "a quotation at the beginning of a novel”?

Which group or words is not a phrase? a.) leaving behind the dog b.) because she smiled at me c.) smashing into a fence d.) before the first test e.) pushing the sofa

13 points : ) which two aspects of scrooge's character does this excerpt from a christmas carol by charles dickens reveal? "i wish to be left alone," said scrooge. "since you ask me what i wish, gentlemen, that is my answer. i don’t make merry myself at christmas and i can't afford to make idle people merry. i to support the establishments i have mentioned—they cost enough; and those who are badly off must go there." "many can’t go there; and many would rather die." "if they would rather die," said scrooge, "they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. besides—excuse me—i don't know that." "but you might know it," observed the gentleman. his stingy attitude and conduct his distrust of government institutions his indifference to others' suffering his support for the community

How does the author use the character of torvald helmer to explore a social use? -by revealing the changes that can happen to a person who has gotten wealthy quickly - by revealing attitudes related to spending and saving that men held during the victorian era -by revealing the bad financial advice that was given to many people in the victorian era -by revealing the hardships that fell on many people who lived during the victorian era