How can you narrow down ideas for a topic? a. write sentences and questions to get ideas b. quickly jot down as many ideas as you can to see what sparks your interest c. make an illustration or map of an area to generate ideas d. use a web diagram with a general topic to create subtopics

D. Use a web diagram with a general topic to create subtopics.

Explanation:

The narrowing down of ideas is a crucial stage followed after the brainstorming of ideas as it assists in the selection of the best possible ideas and creating some innovative ideas after combining these ideas. This stage allows the researchers to specify the ideas as too broad ideas can be unmanageable and may create conflicting opinions and also difficult to research on every idea. Thus, a web diagram of a topic carrying different subtopics would give a concise and specified form to the researcher to focus his attention on. The first, second, third option indicates the generation of ideas that comprises the Brainstorming process and not the narrowing down of ideas. So, it's D.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)