What is the meaning of the word offenses as used in the first line of paragraph 5?

In this unit ,we learned about arguments and rhetoric.in an argument we ,not informal language.

Johnny just received a failing grade on his science exam. lucy oversaw johnny’s paper, and she asked him about it. johnny snapped at her shouting, “it’s none of your business! ” which of the following is the psychological response johnny exhibited towards lucy? select one: a. dismay b. irritability c. hesitation d. hopelessness

The rich natural resources made the sacramento valley a "garden of eden." permanent villages were established about 8,000 years ago.which choice combines these two sentences from paragraph two to achieve a coherent flow of ideas? a) the rich natural resources made the sacramento valley a "garden of eden" and permanent villages were established about 8,000 years ago. b) permanent villages were established about 8,000 years ago and the rich natural resources made the sacramento valley a "garden of eden." c) the rich natural resources made the sacramento valley a "garden of eden; " and so the permanent villages were established about 8,000 years ago. d) because of the rich natural resources which made the sacramento valley a ‘garden of eden,’ native americans established permanent villages there 8,000 years ago.