Read the paragraph.

recently, i have noticed that our student body has adopted a practice that should be avoided. students discard a large amount of uneaten food during lunch. everything thrown in the trash bins ends up in a landfill, which is a problem because the pollution and gases related to landfills can harm the environment.

the writer uses the first sentence to

point out several effects of the problem.
sum up the importance of the problem.
propose a solution.
express a viewpoint.

The correct answer is D. Express a viewpoint

Explanation:

In the text presented, the author writes about a problem that emerged as a result of the practice of students. For doing this, the author of this text first states "Recently, I have noticed that our student body has adopted a practice that should be avoided" to introduce a problem that has been not yet and especially his/her opinion about it as the writer thinks this practice should be avoided, then the author explains what the problem is about and the effects this problem hand. Therefore, the first sentence or "Recently, I have noticed that our student body has adopted a practice that should be avoided" is used by the author to express a viewpoint about the problem that is later described, which can be identified by the use of "I" that shows what the author of the text thinks and believes.

this essay written by james baldwin “if black english isn’t a language, then tell me, what is? ”, relates about the fact that language can not only be used for communication, but also to classify and judge them.

question:   according to “if black english isn’t a language, then tell me, what is? ” how have black english and american english influenced one another?

answer: a. black english has enriched american english.

"urban sprawl, the spreading of large developments of housing and shopping areas around a city’s center, has many negative cultural and environmental effects. " (from your link)

so, your answer is: it has a negative effect on the environment, otherwise known as c~hope this mate.