Some works of nonfiction examine and discuss a focused topic and include the writer's personal viewpoints. this type of nonfiction is known as which of the following?
a. speech
b. essay
c. lyric
d. short story

B). Essay.

Explanation:

An essay is categorized as a short non-fiction work that focuses centrally on a specified topic or subject matter intending to inform the readers and at the same time include the author's personal remarks or viewpoints. An essay usually begins with central argument based on the author's perception or point of view and rest of the essay is devoted to substantiate the claim proposed by the author through different evidences. An essay has been broadly categorized into two forms literary and non-function and further into four types based on the author's intent. Thus, option B is the correct answer.

anyone who was dealing with communism in soviet union in his time had an ideal picture of equality, freedom, the struggle of the working class for a better future, the success of the aristocracy's overthrow and the emancipation of subjugation.   however, anyone who would go to soviet union to see the functioning of the communist system, would be convinced that it was about sad people, about everyday bad life, about the brutal attitude of communist leaders, about ill obsession to completely exterminate every thought on aristocracy. thus, orwell wanted to show all the absurdity, the brutality of the system, the unbearable rule of suspicious morality, the ignorant people who try to play professionally.

the answers are: b. and e.

every four years the american people choose a new president, and 1988 is one of those years."