Read the excerpt from president ronald reagan’s address at moscow state university.
but progress is not foreordained. the key is freedom—freedom of thought, freedom of information, freedom of communication. the renowned scientist, scholar, and founding father of this university, mikhail lomonosov, knew that. "it is common knowledge," he said, "that the achievements of science are considerable and rapid, particularly once the yoke of slavery is cast off and replaced by the freedom of philosophy." you know, one of the first contacts between your country and mine took place between russian and american explorers. the americans were members of cook's last voyage on an expedition searching for an arctic passage; on the island of unalaska, they came upon the russians, who took them in, and together with the native inhabitants, held a prayer service on the ice.
in this excerpt, president reagan expresses his opinion that the key to progress is freedom. this is
a substantiated opinion because reagan quotes an expert.
a substantiated opinion because reagan lists many freedoms.
an unsubstantiated opinion because reagan shares personal feelings.
an unsubstantiated opinion because reagan gives a historical example.

The correct answer is A. a substantiated opinion because Reagan quotes an expert

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)