In an argumentative essay, where does the claim statement go? a at the end of the last paragraph b in the beginning of the second paragraph c in the beginning of the third paragraph d at the end of the first paragraph

How are the two arguments made in the passages different? a. the first passage claims that pets in class will children with health problems; the second passage says pets will make some health problems worse. b. the first passage claims that students’ nervousness will decrease around pets; the second says that students’ nervousness will increase around pets. c. the first passage claims that pets will make the teacher’s work easier by keeping students busy; the second passage says pets will make the teacher’s work harder. d. the first passage claims that pets in school will be good for kids’ mental health; the second passage says pets will be bad for kids’ mental health.

Truth is one that’s been valid for centuries.

Can anybody describe me what it's orientalism?