The Black Death The growing cities of the Middle Ages could be exciting places. However, many were dark, unsafe, and unhealthy. Streets were narrow, crooked, and filthy. There were no streetlights or police. Many people did not go out alone at night for fear of robbers. If people did go out, they often took servants along with them for protection and to carry lanterns or torches to light the way. Waste was dumped into open gutters. All in all, conditions were disgusting. This caused diseases to spread quickly through the crowded cities.

Beginning in 1347, one such disease, a terrible plague, swept through Europe. The disease was called the Black Death because of the darkened color of its victims’ faces after they died. The plague began in Asia and spread along busy trade routes. Trading ships carried the disease west to the Mediterranean. From the Mediterranean ports, the disease spread throughout most of Europe. Rats on the ships carried the disease. Fleas from the rats spread the disease to people

Once people became infected, the disease could be spread from person to person. People became infected as they came in contact with the sick. According to Jean de Venette, a friar who lived at the time, young people were more likely to die than old people. Those who got sick lasted only two or three days and then died suddenly. This happened in such great numbers that often those who lived could not keep up with burying the dead. The friar wrote, “Someone who was healthy one day could be dead and buried the next. . . . A healthy person who visited the sick hardly ever escaped death.”

No one knows the exact number of plague deaths in Europe. Some guess that about 25 million people died in Europe from 1347 to 1351. This was about one third of the entire population. The death rate varied from place to place. Towns seemed to be harder hit than the countryside. Some entire villages and towns were wiped out. The plague affected the rich as well as the poor. Even the great and powerful, including royalty, were struck down. Throughout Europe, populations were devastated by, as the Welsh called it, “death coming into our midst like black smoke.”

The Black Death greatly affected Europe. Relations between the upper classes and lower classes changed. Workers, now in short supply, demanded higher wages. In several European countries, peasants staged uprisings. There were emotional effects as well. In some areas, the theme of death appeared in poetry, sculpture, and painting. People’s faith was shaken. The church lost some of its power and importance. The Black Death took a greater toll on human life than any war or illness before that time. It was perhaps the greatest tragedy in all of European history.

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Explanation:

The beginning of the Black Death started in 1347, and swept through Europe. The disease was called the Black Death because of the darkened color of the victims' faces after they died.

The plague began in Asia and spread along busy trade routes. Trading ships carried the disease west to the Mediterranean. From the Mediterranean ports, the disease spread throughout most of Europe. Rats on the ships carried the disease. Fleas from the rats spread the disease to people. Once people became infected, the disease could be spread from person to person. No one knows the exact number of plague deaths in Europe. Some guess that about 25 million people died in Europe from 1347 to 1351. This was about one third of the entire population.

The Black Death greatly affected Europe. Relations between the upper classes and lower classes changed. It was perhaps the greatest tragedy in all of European history.

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Explanation:

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what: when quoting a source, use the author’s words verbatim, or word-for-word. this means you shouldn’t change any grammar, punctuation, spelling, etc. put quotations around the words to tell your reader where the quote begins and where it ends.

you also need to acknowledge the author. for example, if using mla format for your research paper, you should have in-text citations with the author’s name and page number listed at the end of each quote.

when: use quotations to provide concrete examples to support your claims. using direct quotations is a great way to build your credibility on the subject. it’s also a good idea to quote your source when the author states things in a powerful way. if you think he or she said it best, then use the exact words to share the ideas.

example: in the short story “a jury of her peers”, mrs. hale compares mrs. wright to her caged bird, saying “she—come to think of it, she was kind of like a bird herself. real sweet and pretty, but kind of timid and—fluttery. how—she—did—change” (glaspell).

paraphrasing

what: paraphrasing differs from quoting because you restate the passage in your own words. since you don’t use the author’s words, you don’t need to use quotation marks. however, you still need to acknowledge the author for his or her ideas.

when paraphrasing a text, you should communicate the full meaning of the text; don’t change the meaning. it can be a condensed version of the text, or it could end up being longer than the source it’s paraphrasing.

when: you use paraphrasing when you take notes, or explain a chart or diagram to someone. paraphrasing highlight the important parts of a larger text. it also allows you to simplify the ideas for your readers.

example:

original: “it was no ordinary thing that called her away–it was probably further from ordinary than anything that had ever happened in dickson county. but what her eye took in was that her kitchen was in no shape for leaving: her bread all ready for mixing, half the flour sifted and half unsifted” (glaspell).

paraphrase: as mrs. hales walks around mrs. wright’s home, she notices that the kitchen is in disarray as if she was in the middle of baking bread (glaspell).