Question The author of the passage uses the word "devastated" (sentence 3) to describe
the coffee plantation owners' reaction to deforestation
O Archer's feelings about the reforestation effort
o the extent of the damage done to a piece of land
o the current condition of the Tijuca Forest

I believe the answer is Archer's feelings about the reforestation effort. In stories and passages, there are times where they use certain words to describe how a character may feel about something. I use that technique when I write my own stories.

a complex sentence consists of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.  

to write complex sentences, we must use subordinating conjunctions.  

all the complex sentences begin with a subordinating conjunction and when it occurs, a comma must be place at the end of the dependent clause. on the contrary, if the sentence begins with an independent clause, then no comma is used.

after  

although  

as  

because  

before  

if  

since  

when  

for example,  

after she won the competition, she became very popular.  

although my father was hurt, he continued fighting for his rights.  

as all of you got a ten, you will be able to leave early today.  

before he went to the war, he asked his parents to bless him.  

if it is cold, i won’t go out.  

since you didn’t bring the homework, you will get low grades.  

when it is hot in the town, everyone goes to the beach.