DIRECTIONS: Read the passage. Then, answer the questions that follow. Centerville proudly inaugurated its first water pumping station in 1923. At the time, the water plant was state of the art. As Centerville grew, so did its water infrastructure, including a new pumping station, a network of water mains and feeder lines, and even a five-foot-diameter tunnel from McMahon Reservoir. The Centerville Water District has served the community well.
However, over the last thirty years, much of the town’s water infrastructure has grown increasingly unreliable. Many pipes were laid decades ago, and with time, any water pipe weakens and corrodes. Last year, there were sixteen serious leaks in water mains. More troubling, many neighborhood pipes laid in the 1950s and 1960s contain lead, a toxic substance that is especially dangerous to children. It’s long past time to increase the water district’s budget so that it can modernize Centerville’s aging water infrastructure.

1. What is the writer’s claim?

2. Write one piece of evidence that strongly supports the claim.

The writer claims that the city of Centerville needs a new infrastructure for its water system.

This claim is supported by the statement that "[the] pipes laid in the 1950s and 1960s contain lead, a toxic substance that is especially dangerous to children."

Explanation:

In the given passage, the author presents an argument where he points out the faulty water plant has become and that it is time for a new, upgraded, and improved infrastructure. With the passage of time, things become old and outdated, thus the need for new things.

The main claim of the writer seems to be that the water system should be changed and replaced by a much more modern structure.

One piece of evidence to support this claim is that "[the] pipes laid in the 1950s and 1960s contain lead, a toxic substance that is especially dangerous to children", thus the need to "modernize Centerville's aging water infrastructure."

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)

adding more details about the struggle rainsford experiences as he swims to the shore