Which is the closest antonym for the word empowering?

The author attributes papa's unforgivable behavior to which of the following? a. the painful memories connected with his 9-month ordeal in south dakota b. papa's increasing addiction to alcohol c. papa's unfulfilled need to be in charge of something and/or someone d. mama's emotional distance from papa

In 1840, victor went to germany. he went there to

What words or phrases you to recognize the historical context of the line 7