Which word or words does the underlined clause modify?
shells of marine mollusks are taken by beachgoers as souvenirs of their time at the coast.
a.
are taken
b.
mollusks
c.
beachgoers
d.
shells

innocence can be defined as the lack of sin, relating it with the lack of guilt, also it can be a synonime of naivety. most people agree that sins are made out of experiences, intentionally or not, as well as you stop being naive once certain things happen to you throughout your life. so, with this explained, the chosen answers are:

when the boy saw the effects of war, he no longer viewed life as innocent.

the loss of innocence is a result of gaining experience and making mistakes.

one way to define innocence is as a lack of worldly experience or sophistication.