What is the central idea of this text Some anthropologists theorize that it wasn't the creation and use of tools that marked the emergence of early humans from their more animal-like ancestors, but the beginning of genuine oral, and later pictorial communication. The development of a genuine system of writing, though, came much later , as some societies transitioned from hunter-gatherer to permanent agrarian communities. This new lifestyle required counting property - like parcels of land, livestock or measures of crops - and also the ability to transfer ownership of things from one individual or settlement to another. Early such record-keeping was done with "counting tokens" about 9,000 years ago. But these tokens eventually were replaced by symbols that could be pressed or inscribed into clay, and this marked the beginning of a written language . These symbols began as pictures that represented what they pictured, but over time pictures also began to represent concepts and , eventually sounds. Thus , written language was a natural outgrowth of an increasingly agrarian Society

Read this paragraph from chapter 5 of the prince. there are, for example, the spartans and the romans. the spartans held athens and thebes, establishing there an oligarchy: nevertheless they lost them. the romans, in order to hold capua, carthage, and numantia, dismantled them, and did not lose them. they wished to hold greece as the spartans held it, making it free and permitting its laws, and did not succeed. so to hold it they were compelled to dismantle many cities in the country, for in truth there is no safe way to retain them otherwise than by ruining them. and he who becomes master of a city accustomed to freedom and does not destroy it, may expect to be destroyed by it, for in rebellion it has always the watchword of liberty and its ancient privileges as a rallying point, which neither time nor benefits will ever cause it to forget. and whatever you may do or provide against, they never forget that name or their privileges unless they are disunited or dispersed, but at every chance they immediately rally to them, as pisa after the hundred years she had been held in bondage by the florentines. what idea is stressed in the passage? the desire for liberty the establishment of an oligarchy the dismantling of an acquired state the tendency toward rebellion