What rules of inference are used in this argument? "Noman is an island. Manhattan is an island. Therefore, Man-hattan is not a man."

The rules of inference are;

1. Universal Instantiation

2. Double negation law, or forming the Contra-positive and

3. Modulus tollens

Explanation:

In universal instantiation, an inference is made of the truth of each member of a class, and this is then used to establish the truth about a particular member off the class. For all of a class q, if the class q, is a girl, then the class q, is not a boy. Applying it to the example, If Manhattan is a man, then Manhattan is not an Island.  We now form the contra-positive thus; If Manhattan is an island, then Manhattan is not a man.

Modus tollens is then applied in the last sentence to show that the conditional statement was accepted, the consequent statement was not true, and so the negative of the antecedent can be inferred. So, we conclude that Manhattan is not a man.

the support that the author, uses in the article facing our fears is a): a definition of the part of the brain called the amygdala.

he takes neuroscientist joseph ledoux's words by telling that by falling to distinguish between evolutionary old systems located in the amygdala and newer systems, centered in the prefrontal cortex, doctors have conflated non conscious threat circuits in the brain with circuits that underlie the conscious experience of fear. that, the author says, "leads ledoux to the jarring conclusion that the amygdala, a decades-old centerpiece of the brain's fear circuit, does not underlie the conscious feeling of fear".

despite this, the author points out in the article that that is a controversial notion and that evidence, in animal and humans, supports the idea that core emotions can exist outside of conscious awareness.

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