A( is a reward or punishment that encourages people to behave in certain ways.

I believe the answer is: Incentive

Incentive could be given in the form of financial incentive or behavioural incentive (special treatment). For example, let's say that a company provide an additional $20 per hour for those who are willing to spend their time working after 5 pm. In this situation, the additional $20 per hours is considered to be an incentive.

c. misogyny

is your answer.

actually the answer would be c.) jane addams worked hard to improve the lives of less fortunate people.