Read the excerpt from "Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination." Smallpox was introduced to Europe sometime between the fifth and seventh centuries and was frequently epidemic during the Middle Ages. The disease greatly affected the development of Western civilization. The first stages of the decline of the Roman Empire (AD 108) coincided with a large-scale epidemic: the plague of Antonine, which accounted for the deaths of almost 7 million people. The Arab expansion, the Crusades, and the discovery of the West Indies all contributed to the spread of the disease. The author most supports his argument that smallpox devastated mankind over the centuries by providing .

Ineed . read the passage, and choose the two (2) inferences that are most firmly based on the given information. although lie detector tests are based on a sound principle, they are not alwaysaccurate. the test is based on the fact that people become emotionally “stirred up”when they lie. the lie detector can sense physical changes that accompany suchemotional responses. but an innocent person may react emotionally to a keyquestion.thus, he or she appears to be lying when actually telling the truth. and criminals who lie often may feel no guilt about anything. they can therefore tell huge lies without showing the slightest emotional ripple on the lie detector. without an emotional response, there are no physical responses to detect. 1. criminals never feel any guilt about their crimes. 2. lie detector tests are not foolproof. 3. anyone can easily fool the lie-detector machine. 4. an emotional response by an innocent person