All of the following are processes used for designing a research question except
a. carefully observing behaviors
b. researching known information
c. collecting data for the study
d. establishing questions to guide research

The answer is C

Explanation:

C). Collecting data for the study.

Explanation:

Developing or designing a research question is crucial as it drives and directs the research pattern and also aids to identify the objectives of the research or study. A research question has to be clear, arguable, compound, and effective.

Designing a research question involves different processes centered around the research like observing the audience and their behaviors vigilantly, researching the known information to narrow the topic, establishing questions to guide the research and evaluate the worth and effectivity of the questions, etc. As per the question, the process that would not be included while designing a research question would be option C 'collecting data for study' as it has no affiliation to the developing or designing a research question.

b is the answer for this question.