Is a reasoning based on false or invalid arguments.

Fallacious reasoning.

Explanation:

Fallacious reasoning also known as a fallacy is described as the reasoning based on faulty or invalid arguments that makes it deceptive. Such arguments weaken or invalidate your claim due to false logic which may affect the credibility of your argument adversely. These fallacies are however often employed by authors deliberately as a tool to either manipulate or convince the readers to believe in the claim. The other times these fallacies occur involuntarily due to ignorance. Thus, 'fallacious reasoning' is the reasoning that is built on false or invalid arguments.

answer; i believe the correct answer is ( indirect characterization);

answer: more info pls

explanation: