Aresearcher compared the effectiveness of massed versus distributed practice in preparing for a memory test. each of two groups memorized the definitions of 40 vocabulary words. in group a, there were 30 participants who were all under 25 years of age. participants in group a used the method of distributed practice, studying for 30 minutes on each of four evenings. they were tested on the fifth morning at 7 am. in group b, there were 30 participants who were all over 65 years of age. participants in group b used the method of massed practice, studying only from 6: 30 pm to 8: 30 pm on the evening before the test. they were tested the next morning at 7 am. all participants completed a recall test. the test measured how quickly participants recalled the definitions. the results showed that the mean difference between the distributed practice group and the massed practice group was statistically significant. the researcher provided a list of the names and test scores for each individual participant in a letter to all participants.

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Prewriting: this stage of the writing process involve gathering and selecting ideas; teachers can students in several ways: creating lists, researching, brainstorming,reading to discover more about the author's style, talking, collecting memorabilia or clips from other texts, and free-writingdrafting: in this stage, students begin writing, connecting, and developing ideasrevising: this is the stage of writing that involves rewriting or "re-seeing; " emphasis is place on examining sentence structure, word choice, voice, and organization of the pieceediting: this stage involves checking for style and conventions--spelling, grammar, usage, and punctuationpublishing: the "going public" stage of writingevaluating: in this stage, the writer looks back at his/her work and self-evaluates, and the audience evaluates the effectiveness of the writingwriting activities : personal writing, workplace writing, subject writing, creative writing, persuasive writing, and scholarly writingpeer review: acting a referee; evaluating a colleague's work professionally