James and seamus are having a debate and whether pcs or macs are better computers. james says, "i like pcs because they allow me to run several programs at once, are compatible with all of the analytic software that i use, and can be run from a command line if i want to do so." seamus replies, "oh yeah? macs are better than pcs because you’re a lying idiot." what kind of reasoning fallacy is seamus using?

The anwer is ad hominem

Explanation:

In this conversation we can see that both individuals are trying to reach a consensus to determine which type of computer is better than the other.

But one of them instead of taking a stand and countering the reasons that Macs are better with legit arguments he insults the other person, this is known as ad hominem, one of the lowest kinds of reasoning fallacy.

eli whitney was an american inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. this was one of the key inventions of the industrial revolution and shaped the economy of the antebellum south.

normally working animals are domesticated and ruled by a master, a domesticator (tamer), to perform basic and important functions on a farm, for example. the value used in this context is animal labor in exchange for food. it is not so much a contrast to the story told by napoleon and the pigs, since the animals of that particular farm also performed functions on the farm through domestication. the only thing is that in this case, who rules them is a pig, also an animal, but very respected, to whom the other animals lent him submission. that's about a strong relationship of dependency between animal and owner.