Read the paragraphs.
uninsured people are less likely to receive medical care and more likely to have poor health status. the cost of poor health among uninsured people was almost $125 billion in 2004 (hadley & holahan, 2004).

the financial burden of medical care is also high for uninsured individuals; almost 50% of personal bankruptcy filings are due to medical expenses (jacoby, et al., 2000). uninsured individuals report more problems getting care, are diagnosed at later disease stages, and get less therapeutic care.

a. to support the claim that the lack of health insurance is a financial burden, the author uses
b. evidential support, such as facts, figures, and statistics.
c. anecdotes to illustrate how the problem affects people.
d. descriptive language to reveal the hardships of the uninsured.
e. reasons that directly address the counterclaim presented.

A). Evidential support, such as facts, figures and statistics.

Explanation:

The central claim of the given paragraphs is displayed when the author describes that people are landing in bankruptcy due to a lack of health insurance which exemplifies a financial burden. In order to substantiate his claim, the author uses certain pieces of evidence like data('uninsured people have poor health status'), figures('50% of people'), statistics('Jacoby, et al., 2000') which supports his argument positively and effectively. Thus, option A best supports the author's central claim that describes the lack of  health insurance as a financial burden.

faulty parallelism is a construction in which two or more parts of a sentence are equivalent in meaning but not grammatically similar in form.

the correct version of this faulty parallelism in the sentence is:

the hikers knew that the hike was six miles, that it usually required the entire day, and it would not be wise to start after 10: 00 a.m.

the problem is the last sentence, the first two have a basic subject+verb+object structure.

so, to give a proper balance to the structure, or better said, to give a parallel structure, we must write a basic s+v+o structure in all three sentences:

the hikers knew that the hike was six miles, that it usually required the entire day, and it would not be wise to start after 10: 00 a.m.