Read this excerpt from the great fire.
"schaffer's first signal went out at 9: 30. several minutes later, schaffer realized his mistake and ordered box 319 struck. this was still seven blocks away from the o'learys', but close enough that firefighters could see the flames and alter their course. unfortunately, schaffer's young assistant, william j. brown, stubbornly refused to strike box 319, saying he was afraid it would confuse the situation. brown was so stubborn about his decision that even after the fire he was able to write arrogantly in a letter that "i am still standing the watch that burned chicago."
these errors had two fatal consequences. the most obvious was that a number of engines and dozens of firefighters were sent on a wild-goose chase and did not get to the fire for many minutes. more critical is that it kept fire companies located near de koven street in their stations. several had seen the eerie, dancing glow beyond the rooftops near them and, even without official notice from schaffer, prepared to respond. when they heard box 342 rung, however, they assumed the fire was out of their territory and unhitched the horses. only two fire companies were not fooled by the misleading alarm."
how does the structure of this excerpt illustrate the central idea that a series of individual mistakes contributed to the spread of the blaze?
a. by comparing and contrasting different people’s decisions and abilities
b. by comparing and contrasting the most effective firefighting techniques
c. by clearly explaining the reasons for the misleading alarm and its impact
d. by clearly explaining the reasons the fire started and the way it was put out

The best option is C) by clearly explaining the reasons for the misleading alarm and its impact.

Explanation:

This excerpt of "The Great Fire" has a cause-and-effect structure which helps readers understand why there was an ineffective response by firefighters. We are told that one man, Schaffer, made the first mistake by striking a different box than would be best. He, however, realized that was not the proper one, and finally ordered box 319 to be struck. The second mistake, then, comes from Schaffer's assistant, William. He chooses not to do as he is told, even though the order came from his superior. His arrogance confuses firefighters, since he strikes the wrong box. The consequence was that the fire was not properly fought, burning on for several deadly minutes since companies didn't know what to do.

laughter and happiness are an essential part of life. laughing releases the body's "feel good" chemicals. thus, it provides long or short term relief from stress and or anxiety. more or less, laughing strengthens social connections and provides an easy approach in social related situations.

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what happens in the body also affects the mind. the positive changes in physical health also have profound an impact on mental health. we have a lot to gain from laughing! medical effects of laughter have continued to validate the pain-relieving effect and benefits of laughter.

scientists tell us that laughter and humor actually, believe it or not, lower blood pressure, reduce stress hormones and increase muscle flexion. there are many benefits to happiness and laughter, and they so happen to increase the circulation of antibodies in the blood stream and make us resistant to infections.

as stated before, laughing releases your body's "feel good" chemicals, and on a related note, negative stress can cause your body to release chemicals that weaken your immune system which makes you more likely to contract a disease. luckily, laughter reduces negative stress and prevents those chemicals from being released.

all in all, you may want to consider laughing as much as you can!