Read the passage.

excerpt from the interesting narrative of the life of olaudah equiano, or gustavus vassa, the african by olaudah equiano

i believe it is difficult for those who publish their own memoirs to escape the imputation of vanity; nor is this the only disadvantage under which they labour: it is also their misfortune, that what is uncommon is rarely, if ever, believed, and what is obvious we are apt to turn from with disgust, and to charge the writer with impertinence. people generally think those memoirs only worthy to be read or remembered which abound in great or striking events, those, in short, which in a high degree excite either admiration or pity: all others they consign to contempt and oblivion. it is therefore, i confess, not a little hazardous in a private and obscure individual, and a stranger too, thus to solicit the indulgent attention of the public; especially when i own i offer here the history of neither a saint, a hero, nor a tyrant. i believe there are few events in my life, which have not happened to many: it is true the incidents of it are numerous; and, did i consider myself an european, i might say my sufferings were great: but when i compare my lot with that of most of my countrymen, i regard myself as a particular favourite of heaven, and acknowledge the mercies of providence in every occurrence of my life. if then the following narrative does not appear sufficiently interesting to engage general attention, let my motive be some excuse for its publication. i am not so foolishly vain as to expect from it either immortality or literary reputation. if it affords any satisfaction to my numerous friends, at whose request it has been written, or in the smallest degree promotes the interests of humanity, the ends for which it was undertaken will be fully attained, and every wish of my heart gratified. let it therefore be remembered, that, in wishing to avoid censure, i do not aspire to praise.

that part of africa, known by the name of guinea, to which the trade for slaves is carried on, extends along the coast above 3400 miles, from the senegal to angola, and includes a variety of kingdoms. of these the most considerable is the kingdom of benin, both as to extent and wealth, the richness and cultivation of the soil, the power of its king, and the number and warlike disposition of the inhabitants. it is situated nearly under the line, and extends along the coast about 170 miles, but runs back into the interior part of africa to a distance hitherto i believe unexplored by any traveller; and seems only terminated at length by the empire of abyssinia, near 1500 miles from its beginning. this kingdom is divided into many provinces or districts: in one of the most remote and fertile of which, called eboe, i was born, in the year 1745, in a charming fruitful vale, named essaka. the distance of this province from the capital of benin and the sea coast must be very considerable; for i had never heard of white men or europeans, nor of the sea: and our subjection to the king of benin was little more than nominal; for every transaction of the government, as far as my slender observation extended, was conducted by the chiefs or elders of the place. the manners and government of a people who have little commerce with other countries are generally very simple; and the history of what passes in one family or village may serve as a specimen of a nation. my father was one of those elders or chiefs i have spoken of, and was styled embrenche; a term, as i remember, importing the highest distinction, and signifying in our language a mark of grandeur. this mark is conferred on the person entitled to it, by cutting the skin across at the top of the forehead, and drawing it down to the eye-brows; and while it is in this situation applying a warm hand, and rubbing it until it shrinks up into a thick weal across the lower part of the forehead. most of the judges and senators were thus marked; my father had long born it: i had seen it conferred on one of my brothers, and i was also destined to receive it by my parents. those embrence, or chief men, decided disputes and punished crimes; for which purpose they always assembled together. the proceedings were generally short; and in most cases the law of retaliation prevailed.

question 1
part a

what is the author’s viewpoint about the embrenche?

the marking of embrenche is cruel.

designation as embrenche is a great honor.

life as embrenche is a heavy burden to bear.

embrenche are aggressive against enemies.

question 2
part b

how is the viewpoint identified in part a shaped by the author's cultural experiences?

the word embrenche, in his language, connotes distinction and grandeur.

receiving the mark on the forehead causes the embrenche pain and tests his courage.

he admires the democratic qualities of his people's assemblies.

the embrence judge disputes according to the rule of retaliation, or "an eye for an eye."