Read this excerpt from president george w. bush's address to a joint session of congress and the american people:

on september 11th, enemies of freedom committed an act of war against our country. americans have known wars, but for the past 136 years they have been on foreign soil, except sunday in 1941

what type of audience appeal is most clearly used in the excerpt

a. logos

b. pathos

c. ethos

d. kairos