Read this excerpt from an argumentative essay.

cell phones can be used productively in the classroom because they allow students to collaborate on projects without disturbing other students. instead of increasing the noise level with discussion, students can communicate silently with text messages. approximately 88 percent of students surveyed said that they believe they should be able to use their phones in class.

which statement best describes the excerpt?

a) the argument is missing valid reasoning.
b) the argument is organized in a logical way.
c) the statistic presented does not support the claim.
d) the claim presented does not take a position.