15 points!

which sentence does not contain misplaced or dangling modifiers?

a.
looking out the window in the kitchen, we watched the storm.

b.
looking out the window, we watched the storm in the kitchen.

c.
we watched the storm looking out the window in the kitchen.

d.
in the kitchen, we watched the storm looking out the window.

"urban sprawl, the spreading of large developments of housing and shopping areas around a city’s center, has many negative cultural and environmental effects. " (from your link)

so, your answer is: it has a negative effect on the environment, otherwise known as c~hope this mate. 

the participle phrase is decided. it is past tense.

i don't know the participle though, sorry.