(1) the umbrella dates back more than 3,000 years to mesopotamia. (2) that ancient land was located in the middle east. (3) the middle east is a hot and sunny part of the world. (4) royalty there demandedprotection from the sun. (5) people developed the umbrella for this purpose. (6) use of the umbrella as a sunshade then spread to ancient europe. (7) in fact, if you analyze the origin of the word umbrella, you will see that it reflects the umbrella’s original purpose. (8) umbrella comes from the latin wordumbra. (9) umbra means “shade.” (10) eventually, the romans used the umbrella to protect themselves from the rain. (11) they used the umbrella to protect themselves from the sun as well. (12) today, umbrellas are used mainly as raingear. which is the most effective way to combine sentences 8 and 9? a)umbrella comes from the latin word umbra, it means “shade.” b)umbrella, coming from the latin word umbra, meaning “shade.” c)umbrella meaning “shade,” the word umbrella coming from umbra. d)umbrella comes from the latin word umbra, which means “shade.”

The correct answer is D. Umbrella comes from the Latin word umbra, which means “shade.”

Explanation:

Combining two sentences commonly imply linking them by using different punctuation marks or conjunctions or including the information of the sentences being combined in a long and complex sentence. In the case of sentence 8 "Umbrella comes from the Latin word umbra" and sentence 9 "Umbra means “shade” sentence 9 just explains a section of sentence 8 which is the meaning of the Latin word.

Because of this, the correct and more simple way to combine both sentences is by using the pronoun "which" or "that" and then adding the information of sentence 9, as in option D. Therefore "Umbrella comes from the Latin word umbra, which means “shade." is the most effective way to combine the sentences, because in this way the details of both sentences are included and also the word "which" is useful to refer back to the Latin word and explain it without creating an independent sentence.

1. read the following excerpt from franklin d. roosevelt's "fireside chat 19":

on the other side of the picture, we must learn also to know that guerilla warfare against the germans in, let us say serbia or norway, us; that a successful russian offensive against the germans us; and that british successes on land or sea in any part of the world strengthen our hands.

remember always that germany and italy, regardless of any formal declaration of war, consider themselves at war with the united states at this moment just as much as they consider themselves at war with britain or russia. and germany puts all the other republics of the americas into the same category of enemies. the people of our sister republics of this hemisphere can be honored by that fact.  

the true goal we seek is far above and beyond the ugly field of battle. when we resort to force, as now we must, we are determined that this force shall be directed toward ultimate good as well as against immediate evil. we americans are not destroyers — we are builders.

analyze the effectiveness of this excerpt. how does it function within the speech as a whole? how does the structure of the excerpt to convey the speech's purpose and key points? support your argument with evidence from the speech. (10 points)