In class, we discussed the phase transformations under equilibrium or non-equilibrium condition. For non-equilibrium cooling, transformations are usually shifted to

Amass of 1.5 kg of air at 120 kpa and 24°c is contained in a gas-tight, frictionless piston-cylinder device. the air is now compressed to a final pressure of 720 kpa. during the process, heat is transferred from the air such that the temperature inside the cylinder remains constant. calculate the boundary work input during this process.

Steel is coated with a thin layer of ceramic to protect against corrosion. what do you expect to happen to the coating when the temperature of the steel is increased significantly? explain.

Air is to be cooled in the evaporator section of a refrigerator by passing it over a bank of 0.8-cm-outer-diameter and 0.4-m-long tubes inside which the refrigerant is evaporating at -20°c. air approaches the tube bank in the normal direction at 0°c and 1 atm with a mean velocity of 4 m/s. the tubes are arranged in-line with longitudinal and transverse pitches of sl- st 1.5 cm. there are 30 rows in the flow direction with 15 tubes in each row. determine (a) the refrigeration capacity of this system and (b) pressure drop across the tube bank. evaluate the air properties at an assumed mean temperature of -5°c and 1 atm. is this a good assumption?